Vienna 1833, the Belgian Josef Plateau and the Austrian
Simon von Stampfer invented the Fantascope: a simple device for displaying
anime. The device comprises a disk on which a series of pictures are drawn When
the disk rotates the sequence of the rotating pictures creates a visual sense
of animation Only one year later, in 1834 William George Horner invented the
Zoetrope, which It was based on the principle of Fantascope nearly, it was
different in being cylindrical in shape. it rotates displaying a series of
pictures drawn on its inner surface, When viewed across one of its outside
slots the drawings seem animated.
• You can watch video
instead of reading article
A new invention came to light in 1868 in
Birmingham, the flipbook. The patent was registered as John Barnes Lynnette
although the real inventor was Pierre Hubert Desvignes.
Charles Emile Reynaud, a science teacher, invented the
praxinoscope in France, 1877, It was very similar to the Zoetrope, but the side
viewing slots were replaced by mirrors at the middle.
The mirrors reflected the drawings of the sides allowing
better viewing Later on Reynaud developed his device to a new one called
Theatre Optique, this device allows to view an animation on the theatre by
using light projection technique.
In 1892 he released his first animation film, POUVRRE
PIERROT to the public It consisted of 500 frames of drawn pictures and that
comprises 15 minutes time. The total number of audiences was 500,000 people.
Later on in 1900, the first attempt for an animated film
(The Enchanted Drawing) was made. It was produced by the Anglo- American James
Stuart Blackton who, after 6 years, in1906 produced the first full-time cartoon
"Humorous Phases of funny faces". Thus Stuart is considered the
founding father of American Animation. The scenes of the film were drawn on a
board then photographed the modifications were made manually.
As for Europe, the French Emile Cohle made his first
cartoon (Fantasmagorie) in1908. The film has a black background, because each
frame was drawn separately then it was plaeced on the ribbon. Afterwards Winsor
McCay, an American journalist cartoonist, built on the experiences of his
predecessor. assembled a team of painters in order to draw more vivid and
sophisticated drawings. He was able to produce three successful cartoons:
Little Nemo 1911,
Gertie the Dinosaur 1914,
and Sinking of Lusitania 1918.
In his films, McCay adopted a principle similar to the flip
book as he drew each shot on a separate sheet.
In 1914, too, John Randolph Bray launched a cartoon
production company in New York City. One of Bray`s employees, Earl
Hurd, got the patent for inventing celluloid technology: the
technology that ignited a revolution in the techniques of creating animations.
According to this technology, a consistent background was
drawn on transparent celluloid sheets to generate image sequence. The company
produced (Colonel Heeza Liar): a short film based on the principles of 1915.
From 1915 on, American cinema produced many series of
cartoons. Some of the film characters were quoted from (Comics), and many
cartoonists created new characters.
one of them is the retired Max Fleischer who created the
character of Petti Poob and who transformed the character of Sailor (Popeye)
from a Comic into the most famous cartoon character ever created.
In 1920 Otto Messmer created the character of the cat Felix
in the studios of Pat Sullivan His films were distributed widely and attracted
a large number of audiences
Felix was the first cartoon which distributed commercially.
In Germany, to, Walter Ruttmann attempted to make cartoons,
but Nazi censorship stopped the development of this art after 1933.
In 1923 in Los Angeles, Walt Disney opened a cartoon
film studio. His first project was (Alice`s Wonderland), and the (Alice comedy)
film series, it was about a real girl interacting with cartoon characters. But
the real breakthrough of Disney was the production of the first cartoon with a
sound track, making a foundation for a new era of cartoon industry. This film
name was (Steamboat) 1928, the third film of the famous Mickey Mouse.
The Warner Bros company was established. Warner Bros dealt intelligently
with its rival Walt Disney: while everyone knew that the drawings of Walt
Disney`s cartoons were scrutinized by him in person,
the Warner Bros allowed a wider margin for its team in
creating the cartoon characters. Warner Bros introduced to the world (Looney
Tunes) series 1930.
In 1932 the first colored film was produced by
Disney, it was called (Trees and Flowers) which won the Oscar. Then, in a
short time, colored films became the basis. Walt Disney realized that it was
ime to make a separation between the painters and story ,in order to focus
on the story and fill it with a valuable dose of different emotions and more
sophisticated characters, so he established a special section for
story, he succeeded in that by producing his first film (Three Little
Pigs) cartoon film that had more developed and more sophisticated characters
than those of his predecessors.
Disney, at that time, was more intimate to kids, with a
content poking them, than his rival Warner Bross who tended to violence.
Disney went on monopolizing the production of (Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs)
1937, which is considered to be the first long film in English.
Nevertheless, there were seven long films from different
countries earlier Snow White was characterized by its hand-drawn cartoons, in
contrast with the others who used techniques. Due to the success made by
Snow white, Disney started producing long cartoons.
Another American Companies produced short films, the
most famous of it was (Tom and Jerry) films, it was produced by (Metro
Goldwyn Mayer) company by the duet (William Hanna- Josef Barbera)
who quitted from Disney`s company and established their own
(Hanna and Barbera) company, in 1957.
One year After establishing (Hanna-Barbara) company. In
1958, it launched the first cartoon series with a duration of half an hour
for each episode. In 1969 it launched the famous (The Flintstones) series. The
first cartoon series that was broadcasted at prime time. From that time on TV was able to attract public attention
from cartoons displayed on cinema.
Cartoons went on developing and flourishing, and there
came out new various companies competing in story, technique and objective, to
gain the satisfaction of most public. As the case of other domains, computer
was present in cartoon industry on many aspects: either the technique of
manual digital drawing, as in the famous series (The Simpsons), which
adopted earlier the classical technique of cartoon industry in 1989, or by the
Computer-generated Imagery (CGI), where 3-D characters are created and animated.
The Pixar Studios produced, fully by computer, the
first longest cartoon (Toy Story) in 1995. Entering computer into cartoons
industry allowed a continuous and quick development of ideas and graphics and
facilitated cartoons industry very much, in comparison with its state last
century.
To watch more LED videos
on YouTube :
Comments
Post a Comment