History of Anime The start of the Anime in Japan was in
the early 20th century when some Japanese producers practiced the animation
technologies which began to appear in France, Germany and The USA in 1907 the
firs Anime "Katsudu Shashin" was introduced in Japan, its duration
was three seconds time only; it consisted of 50 frames. Then many Animes were
made, but they were lost as a result of the Great Kantō earthquake that struck
Japan in 1923 on the first of September causing a vast destruction of many
cities including the capital Tokyo. Two films were found in 2008: "Namakura
Gatana" made in 1917, and "Urashima Tarō" in 1918.
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Japanese anime makers suffered great difficulties from
1923 to 1939: they had to rival foreign producers, for example: Disney which
began collecting the revenues of its films, Until the middle thirties of the
20th century, most of the Japanese anime makers didn't used the "cel
animation" technique, they used the "cutout" technique instead, because
celluloid was very expensive. Some anime makers: such as Kenzo Masaoka and
Mitsouyo Seo made attempts to raise the level of the Japanese anime to attain
the higher level of American cartoons, so they produced "cel animation"
films with a sound track. The first film with a sound tract was made by Masaoka
in 1933 "Chikara to Onna no Yo no Naka".
The first film fully-made by "cel animation"
technique "Dance of the Chagamas" was made in1934.
In late thirties the Japanese government began imposing
Japanese cultural nationalism, taking control of mass media through strict
censorship. Many anime makers insisted on making films arousing national spirit
and affiliation, some animes were displayed during news broadcast such as: "Evil
Mickey attacks japan" 1936. The American character "mickey mouse"
Incarnate: "evil America".
During the WW2, a number of films were produced by the
commission of the military showing, malignantly, a quick victory of the
Japanese over their enemy forces.
In 1943 "Geijutsu Eigasha" studio, supported
by Japanese Navy, produced the film "Momotaro`s Sea Eagles" by the
director "Mitsuyo Seo". Then "Shochiku" company in 1945 produced
the first feature- length film "Momotaro`s Divine Sea Warriors" by
the director Mitsuyo Seo, too,with support of the navy.
In 1948 "Toei Animation" company was
established and it produced the first colored feature Anime. in 1958 "Hakujaden"
or "the tale of the white serpent", in the USA it was named "panda
and the Magic Serpent". After the success of the film, Toei produced long
feature animations annually. Toei`s style was characterized by the freedom
given to the animator to employ his ideas that was found in "Prince of the
Sun" film in 1968. It was written by "Isao Takahata", this film
is considered to be the major break from traditional Anime to modern Anime.
In the 20th century sixties the animator Osamu Tezyka, the
most important developer of Japanese animation, simplified the techniques used
in animation that time, in order to decrease the cost and limit number of
frames in the process of production. He said he is willing to have the
allowance to produce materials in a short time-timetable with an inexperienced
animeemployees and this techniques became a characteristic of Japanese anime
later on. The 20th century sixties introduced anime into TV, Anime series
achieved great success for example: "Kimba the white lion" released
in 1965 In 1994 "The Lion King" film, which achieved the highest
revenue of a long film produced traditionally in the USA, although "The
Lion King" was very similar to. Disney declared " We didn`t know
about Kimba".
During Seventies, Japanese film market decreased due to
the competition of TV which obliged Toei`s company decrease the number of
workers, a number of animators went to small studios or founded their own. Those
talented youths enriched Japanese anime industry with various experiences on a
wide scale "Tomorrow`s Joe" 1970 was one of the early attempts to
make sport anime It was a boxing anime which became an icon in Japan Also, "Akakichi
no Eleven" or "Red-Blooded Eleven" which was known as "Champions
of the playgrounds" in Arab countries.
"Heidi, Girl of the Alps" which was released
in 1974 were of the earlier experiences. This kind of simple and realistic
anime targeted to kids had faced difficulties in marketing in the past because
TV networks thought that kids needed imaginative things. Nevertheless, Heidi
series spread all over the world and gained great publicity in Japan and the
most of European countries which allowed to make anime series out of the
literary novels. In 1978 "Treasure Island", one of the most famous
animes based wholly on the literary novel "treasure Island" by the
Scottish writer Robert Lois Stevenson, was released. Another new experience in
1978 "Future Boy Canon" series which is known in Arab countries as "Adnan
and Lina".
Another kind of anime "Mecha" began at that
time. Mecha was a huge machine that used legs like human legs instead of wheels
the earlier produced "mechas" were: "Mazinger Z" 1972,
"Gatchaman" 1972, "Space battleship yamato" 1974, and "Mobile
Suit Gundam" 1979. Some of the Mechas didn`t realize local success, nevertheless
they attained in another parts of the world like "Grandizer" series
released in 1975, and had a great publicity in the Arab region, although it
hadn`t the least success in Japan.
In contrast with the series of violence, there were
female oriented works like: "Candy Candy", and "Rose of
Versailles" or Lady Oscar. These works gained great publicity on Japanese
TV then in another countries. During that period,the Japanese anime overwhelmed
Europe thruogh the production targeting European kids like pre-mentioned "Heidi"
and "Vicky the Vicking". Italy, Spain and France were interested in
the low price Japanese anime production.
During the eighties the anime industry broke into
domestic videos by Original Video Animation (OVA) Those were original films or
series made for domestic videos only unsuitable to be displayed on TV or cinema
that lead to the flourishing of anime industry market in Japan. The first film
of this kind was "Dallos" released in1983. The "OVA" paved
the way for a new kind of films unsuitable to be displayed on TV or cinema.
The eighties, also witnessed a great success of sports
anime when the Manga story "Captain Tsubasa" became the first sports
anime in spreading and publicity, all over the world then its themes and
stories were used as a model for later sports animes like: "Slam Dunk",
"Prince of Tennis", and "Eyeshield 21".
In the eighties, too, there appeared the idea of
integrating video games with anime after releasing the anime series "Red
Photo Zillion" in 1987 when Sega company released a video game of that
anime to enforce the sales of the new MASTER SYSTEM in Japan. Then the
characters of anime became the main source of video games content. Late
eighties witnessed the release of high balance experimental films like: "Angel`s
Egg" 1985, "Royal Space Force: The Wings of Honneamise" 1987, and
"Kiki`s Delivery Service" 1989 which made more than forty million
dollars profits at the ticket window.
In 1996, the hero of the manga series "Mei-tantei
Canon", written by Gucho Oyama became one of the most famous Anime Character
all over the world from which 21 films issued. Now the 25th annual series is
displayed.
In reverse, the anime quoted of video games, so after
releasing of the first issue of "Pokemon" game by Nintendo company in
1996 famous "Pokemon" anime was quoted from it. The 1st Pokemon
series was released in 1997 and it is still displayed. In addition to the
series, twenty films were issued during the last 20 years the latest of which
was released in 15 July 2017.
In the nineties the production of high balance animes
continued in 1997 the anime "Princess Mononoke" was the most expensive anime at
that time with 20 million us dollars cost.
By the quick
technical development and the breaking of computer into this industry, the cost
decreased, and the number of animes films series, produced annually, increased there
became a diversity of topics, ideas and drawings on a wide scale, along with
preserving the anime basics in character drawing and overreactions were
constant. As it was from the beginning, the anime remained a reflection of the
Japanese culture, and Japanese society.
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